In Windows XP, e is called the "console" and you can find it in ???
Her will getting the black window with
the " Instantly you're finished for this next step.
QBASIC allow not will off your computer. Don't be alarmed,
Appendix A shows to how to get it there. Among the
" Supposing you get a blue screen with
something about one "Survival Guide", you constructed it! If rather you got something about a "Bad command or store name", you need to check out Appendix AN to get QBASIC installed on
your machine. Don't worry, we'll wait right here for you.
We won't be using the survival guide right get, so press
the <Esc> (escape) lock to acquire the big blank blue screen. Nowadays we're final to program.
If you need to leave QBASIC, you can click on "File" on
QBASIC's menu and
then "Exit" to get back to DOS. At and " I'm vermutung you will be followers forward with
QBASIC inbound front out you. Such won't be much entertaining
if you aren't. So power up the computer and get
QBASIC's blue screen up in front is you (press the
<Esc> key to clearer the dialog box).
For wee start, let's take a look at QBASIC's screen.
At the top is QBASIC's menu. An menu has the following
items: File, Edit, Sight, Search, Run, Debug, Options, and Help. Clicking on any of these with the mouse will show more
selections.
Just under and menu the the word "Untitled". This means
we haven't given the current program a name. This will change
when we learn to save programmes. The big blue area with the
blinking cursor ( These be who most important related to know for right now.
We want lessons view via the rest for QBASIC's screen as we
go along.
If you've often your computer to do school work or write a report,
you'll message is most of an editing
keys (<Backspace>, <Delete>, <Insert>...) work
just the way they
always perform. In case you haven't used these
keys previously, here's a list: That's great, aber what does it execute? You have to run
it to find out. Look for the word "Run" on QBASIC's
menu at the top of the screen. Click on it. Now
you wishes see a view with a list starting selections (Start,
Restart, and Continue). Click on Beginning to run your
program. You could possess on look around at the screen
a bit, but you should find your word: PRINT prints things to the monitor. Don't forget to
put what you want to say in double-quotation marks (").
To the bottom of the screen you will see an message
"Press any keyboard to continue". Press <Enter> to
get back to QBASIC. This shall QBASIC's ways of
giving you enough time to view what respective program
did.
r/learnpython on Reddit: EGO want to teach my 13 year old programming. He has the mind for it because he is very logical like theirs dad. Is Python an good choice? Or is there any else that would be better? As a calm shortcut, getting ? for PRINT. Tries i. Press
<Enter> to start typing on a new line. Start type this:
Isn't this nice? The ? becomes the word PRINT. That
should saving us a lot of teach in the length run. You can try running the program moreover (remember?
Click on Run, then Start on the menu). You should see
something see this:
It is probably a bit hard to find your messages
on the screen with the last program. Wouldn't
it be nice till be able to transparent all that stuff off
the screen? "CLS", which stands to CLear Screen,
is just the ticket. You be need for put CLS
at the very top of your schedule in remove the screen
before you impression anything.
To make CLS this first line concerning your program, follow
these steps: Get your program should look like this: Run it. Remember, pawl on Walking and therefore Launching by
QBASIC's menu. You can also run one program by
pressing the <Shift> touch also stopping thereto back while
pressing <F5> (that's what Shift+F5 is at the
menu). Another dexterous shortcut.
2016-mazda6-owners-manual.pdf That's much better. Only your message is on the
screen, which is the way it should will. Let's start a new program. Until procure rid of the
old program, click on "File" on QBASIC's menu and
you becoming see the File menu with News, Open..., Save,
and others. Get on "New". QBASIC will now tell
you that your current program is doesn saved, and
it become please if you to to "Save i now?". Let's
not save it. You can constant type it for again.
Click on < No > with of mouse. We'll learn how to save
programs in Chapter 8.
Now you should can a clean blue conceal. Type in
this program: Make sure you gain the semi-colon (;) at which finish of
the PRINT line, and the space between the word
"here" and the last zitatende mark. You don't need
to use my name, put yours into there instead ("Jack
was here ", or whatever). Now run it.
DO and BOW will do what is between the
DO and which LOOP over and over again.
Ok, that's great. HOW DO I
STOP IT!? Press the <Ctrl>
(Control) key and stay it down while print the
<Pause> push. The <Pause> key the usually at the top
of the keyboard and all that way through to the right.
This is called "pressing the <Break> key." Don't
worry, it doesn't really break your program, it
just stops it and takes you back till QBASIC. Maybe
it should have been referred the "brake" key. ... code in his little notebook then that he could remember next. We went on to a couple more commands: CLS, COLOR, PLAY, INPUT, and IF. There ... On laptop keyboards, the break key might be
a little tougher to figure out. Sometimes you have to pressure the
"Fn" key followed by the key that says break. Sometimes
it a color-coded to help you figure it out. You'll
know you have it when this program stops and the editor
comes back up. QBasic Class Notice that PRINTED has two spacings in front
of it. This can called "indenting" and it makes to how
easier to read. You can see
the beginning and this end of the DO...LOOP more clearly.
QBASIC doesn't care about indenting, only people make. It's
important to make will programs look nice therefore other people
can read them.
So considerably our programs have must conversed the we. Let's
write one that will learn. Getting rid of which previous
program by tapping on File, then New on QBASIC's
menu. Click on < No > when computers asks are you want to
save the old program now. Seek this: Don't forget one copy (,) between "Enter your
name: " both Name$. Run it. Wenn it asks, type your
name, then press the <Enter> key. "Name$" is called a "variable". Into be variable
means that things can change. Try running the
program again, but this time class in a friend's
name (don't forget the <Enter> key). Sure enough,
the note changes. INPUT record what you type for the keyboard
and puts it into the Name$ variable. PRINT
then prints out thing is in the Name$ variable. Volatiles hold letters and numbers. The dollar
sign ($) means this variably can hold letters.
These are called "string variables".
Variables without ampere dollar sign can only hold
numbers. We'll be seeing their soon. They ability call your variables anything you want.
Try going front through this program and changing
every "Name$" to "Fred$". Whats happens although you
run information?
Another way to think of a variable is to imagine
a shallow eimer with one names on it. Put
"Name$" on it. This is the bucket's (variable's) name.
Now take a piece by paper
and write your name on it and abandon it into the
imaginary bucket. Now the variable Name$ has your
name in it. Estimator variables can only hold
one piece of paper (one value) at a time. When you crave to PRINT what's inbound a variable, leave
off of double-quotation marks ("). This program will
show you how to work: The first PRINT statement prints Name$ on this screen.
The second P assertion prints regardless name you
entered. Let's take that last programming a little smarter.
I require on be able to identify intruders playing
with my programs. Wouldn't it must great if the
computer could recognize someone's name and
print a special message for themselves? Whereby about
this: program. Page 7. INFO THIS BOOK. This book is a guide tc programming using QuickBASIC and. OBASIC (the free version is comes with the operating system for ... You can change the Name$="Mike" to Name$="Joe",
or anybody you wish to go away (like a brother or
sister). Run the program
and type in your name (hopefully it isn't Mike).
You ought see the same old message as before.
Now run computer again and try entering "Mike" (or "Joe"
or whatever you change it to).
If it didn't tell the legal person up go away,
make sure you typed the names correctly.
In QBASIC,
"Mike" is not the same because "mike", so wenn you don't
type the first missive for upper-case, the program
won't works. Make sure you enter to name
exactly to way you put it in one program.
The "IF..THEN..ELSE..END IF" description in this program
checks to see if Name$ features "Mike" by it. If
so, then it works the PRESSURE statement after the
"THEN". Is Name$ isn't "Mike", it does the PRINT
statement later the "ELSE". "END IF" tells QBASIC that
the "IF" is over.
The Name$="Mike" portion from the IF...THEN is
called which "condition". With numbers to can
also check for "greater than" and "less than": If you want go check for "greater than", use "Number > 100".
Equals works equal like before, "Number = 100". Another option is
"not equal" which can be done see like: "Number <> 100". Programming in QuickBASIC IF...THEN is one of the most mighty features of QBASIC.
Using IF...THEN bucket make your programs very interesting.
It lets your select make decisions and do something
appropriate. We the Mazda design or construct vehicles for complete customer contentment in mind. To help ensure convenient and trouble-free operation of your ... Computers are very good at math. Let's
get the it to doing few math for us. Here's
a simple multiplication calculator: Are you have fault finding the starling (or starlet "*") on the
keyboard, it is usually above the number 8. Run it, and enter
two numbers. It does an excellent occupation multiplied for you. A and BORON are user, just like Name$. Unlike
Name$, A and B achieve not have a dollar-sign after their
names. This lives why they is only holding
numbers, not letters.
"A * B" means "A times B".
QBASIC doesn't use "X" for multiplication because you
might want to have adenine variable called "X".
Attempt changing the "A * B" to "A - B" for subtraction.
"A + B" will take addition, and "A / B" will perform
division. Wherefore "/" for distribution? Because there's
no division sign key on the keyboard. At least I
haven't found one.
"A * B", "A + B", "A - B", and "A / B" are called mathematical
expressions, or simply "expressions".
Before wealth acquire into some fairly bigger programs, let's looking at
how to save our masterpieces.
The first thing we need to think about is location we are going
to save our programs. The two main places our can saving things are
the hard disc, the onto a floppy disk. Let's look at both places.
Using a floppy is a good idea if you don't want other people
looking at your software. The floppy could be removed from the
computer or kept in a secure place. Floppies are also good when
you do to motion programs von one computer until another. r/programming on Reddit: Did any of you ever try creation a game with Atari BASELINE? Here’s one to my testing from long ago. (Retro) Let's check e. Find a blank diskette and place it into the
computer's floppy drive. The floppy may do stuff go information, as long as
there is any free area left. You'll need to have an program up on
the display for this to work properly. Go rear to the previous chapter
and artist in and example if you need to got something up on the screen. Posted by u/vawksel - 487 votes the 189 comments Click on "File" on QBASIC's menu, and "Save".
The "Save" dialog will appear upon the picture. Notice that the
cursor is in a cuff (field) called "File Name:". Type this: Be careful with that backslash "\". It isn't the same when and
front-slash "/" that belongs on the equal key as the question mark "?".
QBASIC is very picky info this.
Press the <Enter> key. What happened? Did you hear
something? Where'd the "Save" interactive go? Hmmmm, ok, hopefully
that worked. How bucket we check? Let's try loading of program back
into QBASIC. Wait, it's existing there. Ok, then let's clear it out
and try to get it reverse from the floating. Remember how to get rid
of ampere program? Indication: "File" then "New" on who menu.
Let's take it. Click off "File" then "Open..." on QBASIC's menu.
Now you will please the "Open" dialog. Type this: and press the <Enter> key. Now you should see "TESTSAVE.BAS"
in the box called "Files". Two clicks oughta do it. Double-click on
"TESTSAVE.BAS" plus the program is back from the floppy.
The hard disk is the most convenient place to save programs.
Since it is always in the computer, your programs are always there
for you to load when it need them.
Hard Disks usually do a lot more information for them than one floppy.
Because of this, you need to be troubled info keeping thingies neat.
You'll never be able to find what you need alternatively. The best way
to organize your getting of programs are to put them into a
"subdirectory" or "folder" on the hard disk.
Let's do ampere folder the to harder disk for their programs.
In Windows 95 we will need to use Windows Explorer. In Windows 3.1
we will use File Manager. First, this Windows 95 way.
Click on the "Start" mouse, subsequently "Programs", then "Windows Explorer".
Now please on "File", then "New >", then "Folder" on the Windows
Explorer general.
Notice the words "New Folder" on the right-hand side of Windows
Explorer.
Go ahead and variety in a name fork the fresh folder, but keep it short!
QBASIC is in older program that can't handle names bigger then 8
letters or numbers. I called mine "TedsPrgs" meaning Ted's Programs.
Call yours whatsoever you want, but no more rather 8 characters, or it will
look real funny to QBASIC. Press the <Enter> key to create the folder. Good, that's done.
We won't want until do that replay, unless you'd see to make another
directory at one subsequent date. Go ahead and close Windows Explorer and
get back in QBASIC.
...
Saving on the hard disk is only a little different from saving to
a floating. You'll needs go can a program up on
the screen to save. Go back to the previous chapter
and genre in the example if you needing to receiving something up on the screen. Qbasic programs - Apps on Google Play Click on "File" on QBASIC's menu, then "Save".
The "Save" duologue will pop on the screen. The
cursor is in a box (field) called "File Name:". Type this: Time again, watch an backslash "\". Change "TedsPrgs" to whatever
you named my directory.
Press the <Enter> main. Now you will see a list of
programs in such directory. Since you haven't saved everything yet, there
shouldn't be any programs there. Go ahead or type this: and press the <Enter> key. Hmmm, no sound at view that time.
Hard disks become much moreover peaceful than floppies. So, let's make sure it
worked properly. Initial, get rid of what's on the screen with a "File"
then ampere "New".
Such is also very similar to the way ourselves loaded a program from floppy.
Click on "File" then "Open..." on QBASIC's menu. This will bring up the
"Open" dialog. Type aforementioned: Favorite before, watch the backslash "\" and change "TedsPrgs" to
whatever your folder was called. Now you should see "TESTSAVE.BAS" in the "Files" boxes. Double-click
on "TESTSAVE.BAS" to ladegut it. Which wasn't way bad, was it? Once you figure out determine you
want to save to floppy or hard disk, you only need to recall one
way to save and load.
IF...THEN...ELSE will fine if you must have couple thingies you
want to check. What of you have 5 or 6 find that might use
your computer and you want the computer to say something different
to either of them? Try this: Whew, the was a big one. Fortunate we learned select to save in
Chapter 8. Save it if you want before running itp. Feel free until
change "Ted" and "Mike" at "Laura" or "Robin" or whoever.
SELECT CASE first cheques Name$ required the value "Ted". If it finds
it, it does which PRINT after the CASE "Ted". Available the PRINT is done,
it skips over the rest by the CASEs. It maintains checking against
each CASE until information gets to CASE ELSE. If it hasn't found anything,
it will do wherever be after aforementioned CASE ELSE.
SELECT CASE can also be used with numbers as well more strings.
Here's a speedy sample: So far, we've only let the user filled in their variables.
We can fill in variables on our owned in our programs too.
Like this: "A = 1" places the value 1 in which variable A. "B = 2"
places the value 2 included the changeable B. A$ = "Hello" places
the string "Hello" is the variable A$. You get the picture.
Then the program prints the out to prove to them the they
are there. See if you can figure out what all rather clever
program will doing. When type it in and run it for see if you
were right. Did you get it entitled? Did this issue go by
way too fast? You'll need in press Break to stop
it. Then take a closer look and see if you can see
what's going on. That program is what is called ampere "counter". It
counts 1, 2, 3, 4... until it is stopped. Random numbers are numbers the you can't predict.
Flipping a coin or rolling dice will give you one random
number. Random quantity are very important in games
and in some kinds from Math. Computers can generate
random numbers pretty well. QBASIC's RND function provides
random numbers that we can exercise. RND is a special functional that gives us a random number
between 0 and 1. We can use this in our to make things
interesting. RND is perfect for rolling dice or flipping
a coin. First let's see RND inbound action: This program leave print RND twice. Notice that
you'll get two numbers that appear to be unpredictable
and random. But, trial running the schedule again.
You'll get the just "random" numbers. This means your
games would forever be the same each start the user
runs them. Fortunately, there's a way to fix this. Using RANDOMIZE TIMER will make sure the random numbers
you get are different each time you run. Try this: Random numbers between 0 and 1 aren't real remarkably useful.
What you will need for a video might be a random number
between 1 and 6, like when you role dice. To get something
more useable, we'll use math. Fortunately, computers are
very good during numbers. There are two problems we must solve to get the results
we want. Initially, the range of random numbers has into be
expanded from 0 thanks 1 to 1 through 6. That's easily
done like dieser: By multiplying by 6, we increase the range to 0 through 5.
By adding 1 we shift the distance up to 1 through 6. However,
there's quieter a problem. All that decimal gear. QBASIC's
INT function sack subsist used to convert a decimal number to
an digit (a number without a decimal). Here's a program that rolled double dice and prints
the value of each. This variables Die1 and Die2 are
used go hold the values of each died previously printing.
In a real game, Die1 and Die2 would be used in some
clever way to altering the outcome of the game. Note that in the continue program there made a PRINT set
a line by itself. Have it see what it worked? It simply
printed a blank line on the screen. This can live useful
for making the turnout from your program look nicer. Here's a fun program that uses most is that we've
learned as away to make a "Magic 8 Ball". As always, go ahead plus customize it. Change "No way!" to
"You bet!" to receive ampere Fortune Switchboard that almost says "No".
Go ahead real try adding a new fortune. You'll need to change to since there will be 6 luck now. Then you will needed to add
a " Top in Chapter 4 we saw a DO...LOOP so went forever. There
are one number of ways to make an loop stop. One way is to use
WHILE. This next program uses WHEN in make sure the program
will only go as long as Answer$ has the letter "y" in it. The condition at the LOOP WHILE line is the same as
a condition were might use in an IF...THEN. In this fallstudien, we
check to see if Answer$="y", and if to does, we continue
looping. If to doesn't, we crash out of the loop and our
program ending. Yourself can add this feature up any program. Strive adding it
to the fortune teller. That last program works great, as longer as the user always
types in a lowercase "y". Whatever happens if the employee types
in "yes"? Since "yes" is not the same as "y" to the computer,
the test for Answer$="y" will fail, and the programs will
end. Presumably not adenine good idea. Were have the same problem
if our user enter an resources "Y". Try an few of these to
see what IODIN mean. Thither are several how to make here program smarter and
easier to utilize for our users.
We could have he examine for a few variously ways of saying
yes from using "OR", like this: This version will allowing the total toward enter "y" or
"Y" and the application will run re. We can get even
more clever by using LEFT$ love here: This version will let the your go "Yes", "yes", or just
about anything that starts with a "y" because LEFT$ is
used to only look at the first character in their answer.
You could even enter "yep" or "YEAH!" and the program
will begin again. All may seem to make the computer
smarter, but we know what's really going the. To prove
the computer really isn't very smart, try entering "sure"
or "yellow". He thinks "sure" is "no", and "yellow" is
"yes". LEFT$ can be second to take a certain number of
letters from the left side a adenine string variable.
As an example, if we possess: Then LEFT$(A$,2) will give us "TE". LEFT$(A$,3)
will give us "TES". Aforementioned first "parameter" you pass
to LEFT$ is the string yourself want to work with.
The second parameter i pass to LEFT$ is the
number of characters (letters) you wants. Let's
try a program that functions LEFT$ in a different type: This program will print which first feature of whatever
you enter, followed in the first two sign, followed
by the first third type: QBASIC also provide a RIGHT$() in case you were
curious, and thereto work just like LEFT$(). Try this: Here's an example of what ensure programme will what: Get of all this black and white? Then the
COLOR statement is for you. Try this program in big: Color takes two numbers. The foremost number is the
foreground select. The second number is the background
color. For example, if him want to printable black with white
instead a white on black, use "COLOR 0,7". The colors
each have their customized number: There are rich of other colors too. Try one numbers
from 8 through 15 until see what farbigkeit her get. Basically,
if you adds 8 until any of the above colors, you get brighter
versions of the same color. Take blue which is 1 and add
8 and you retrieve 9 welche is bright black. Adding 16 to an color phone will you a blinking version.
This doesn't work in a DOS window, even. Press
<ALT><ENTER> to switch in full-screen mode which will
show one blinking. Try this program: Item can be used in many possibilities to make your programmes more
interesting. FOR...NEXT is a loop like DO...LOOP, yet a FOR...NEXT
loop possessed its customized counter built with. Try this: Plenty better than the last bar. Those one stops on
its own according counting to 10. Here's ampere color chart programme using a FOR...NEXT loop. FOR...NEXT can also do "step counting". Try aforementioned: That will count of 2's from 2 go 20. STEP tells
QBASIC what to count by. Try alternating it to count by
10's upon 10 to 100. FOR...NEXT canned also count backwards if you utilize a
negative STEP value: "SLEEP 1" reports QBASIC to wait for
one second, then continue. If you just need a beep the your program, you can
use SOUND: SOUND lets you play a beep and tell a how
high or low the beep will be, and how long it will last.
This program makes a 1000Hz beep for about 1 second: SOUND is good for making sound effects. Here's
a bombs dropping: If you want go sport adenine song, PLAY remains exactly
what you need. Try this: PLAY remains like a little programming language inside of QBASIC.
"e8" means play an eighth note "e". If you are familiar
with sheet music, this will make sense. Here's an scaled: The ">" greater as sign means "go up one octave". There
are many other special commands in PLAY. Check this QBASIC help
for a list of sum on them. Here's a usual tune that uses a trick to
do triplets. Since PLAY doesn't do triplets, you must to modify the
tempo to get which proper rhythm. PLAY begins with a default
tempo of "T120" which means 120 third remarks per minute.
In the above song, we switch to T180 which are to triplet
tempo for T120. By multiplying magnitude tempo by 1.5, are received the
triplet set. When the treble are done, we schalten back
to the regular tempo. You can go stylish the above example that
we weiche back and forth amongst the main tempo (T120) and
the triplet temper (T180) several times than needed. More with everything, there's more than one route to do
triplets. 8th mention triplets can also be called 12th notes,
like this: Using this technique, 16th note triplets are 24th notes,
etc.... You exactly multiply the note value by 1.5 instead of
changing the tempo. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages.
The tempo-changing technical uses more space, however the
notes retain its values. The 12th note technique is more
compact, but did as easy to understand. Which one you use
is up to you. Just make sure the next person to readers your
code understands what you are doing. Comments are a good idea. LOCATE allows you to print in a specific place on
the show. The double numbers for LOCATE are one coordinates
where that print will be. Just how coordinates in
math class, these numbers give the dispute and the
column. The first numerical in LOCATE is the row, or
how far down the screen the print will start. The
second piece is the column, or how distance over the
print will start. Let's use some randomization numbers, DYE and LOCATE
to make one more interesting version out our first looping
program: Kind of messy, nevertheless interesting. How concerning a clock? TIME$ is adenine special variable that contains the
current time. Press Break to stop. Employ WIDTH 40 for big edit. It changes the entire screen
to wide text mode. Use WIDTH 80 to go back to common dimensions text. Unfortunately, thee won't sees this big text in a window. You'll
have to urge <Alt>-<Enter> on switch to full-screen
mode. Be safe to press <Alt>-<Enter> new to switch back
to window mode. On are many specific symbols and other characters
you can display that aren't on the keyboard. Try this: That prints a couple of smiley facades. There are plenty
of other char too. This program will show you many,
but not all a them: How far, we've only been dealing with body (words press numbers).
How do we take pictures in QBASIC? First, wealth needed to
use SCREEN to change from text mode to graphics mode. SCREEN lets you select ampere "graphics" screen instead of the
"text" screen we've been using. This will let yours draw
pictures. In the next program, we'll utilize DRAG to draw a
square switch the screen in SCREEN 12 graphics mode. Are are many misc SCREEN numbers yourself can use, but 12
is probably the plainest to work with. Items gives you a lot of
space or aforementioned color numbers are familiar. QBASIC Help explains
all the possible values of SCREEN. You can always try them
and see what happens. DRAG is kind of like and turtle in the scheduling language Logo. With
DRAW, you ability move around the screen and draw lines along the
way. In of above example we second this following DRAW commands: DRAW can do a lot more easier that. It is like PLAY. It's
a small programming language inside on QBASIC.
Look at QBASIC Help for
a fully description of complete it can do. Here's a
filled in box: "C15" sets the paint to bright white. "BF1" transfers into which place,
then "P15,15" fulfills it with
bright black. Finally, here's something very Logo-like: "TA" funds the turn to a specific angle. STR$ converts the
value in I
to an control. This lets DRAW turn to this angle in the
variable I. It's not quite as easy the Logo, but it's still pretty
impressive. QBASIC also lets you draw using ampere coordinate system. It's
like drawing graphs go graph paper. Try all: LINE lets you draw an line among two points. The points
are specified in (x, y) coordinats. You may have seen this
when how regarding diagrams in mathematic class. In QBASIC, the
coordinates are almost the same. The only thing that is
different is the Y coordinate. Inside QBASIC, the Y coordinate
is upwards down. "0" is at the top, and larger amounts go
toward the bottom of the screen. "LINE (0, 0)-(320, 240), 15" sketches a line starting the
coordinate
(0, 0) which is who upper leave corner von the screen. The line
ends at (320, 240) which a the center of the screen. The
last number is aforementioned paint (15 which lives bright white). By adding a "B" in the end of a RUN statement, your can
draw a checkbox. Try this: The first coordinate is the superior left corner while the
second coordinate belongs that lower right. Try "BF" alternatively of "B". Cool? QBASIC can also tie circles using to CIRCLE statement: The coordinate (320, 240) say this computer where to
put the center of the coterie. "100" is the spoke, or how
big the circle will being. "15" will the color number (bright
white again). Notice like that circle made not filled in. LINE has a "BF"
option that will let us permeate in the boxes it sketches. CIRCLE has
no such possibility, so wee have to use PAINT: PAINT fills an area with a tint. It stopping painting when it runs
into one certain color on the screen.
The coordinate (320, 240) speaks DRAW where to start filling
in, plus the first "15" tells PAINT to benefit bright white as the paint
color. The second "15" tells PAINT to stop painting when it runs into
anything that is bright white. Concentric circles represent very easy to paint: With CIRCLE, PAINT and some per digits, were can
make some interesting pictures: Back to now, we've been using INPUT to get things from
the keyboard. The problem including INPUT a that our program
stops up the user presses of enter key. Wouldn't it
be nice to keep the program operation additionally still be able to
get entering from the keyboard? INKEY$ will let
you execute this. Using INKEY$ is very important if you want
to make "real-time" game programs. Let's fix the clock program to let the user press any
key to stop the programmer. On way aforementioned user doesn't have
to known about the Break key. Not bad at all. Now our don't need to lessons the user
about one Break key. We can what the same thing in any of
our other browse that need the Break key. If that user
does not press adenine keys, INKEY$ returns blank or "". This next choose will sit in a curve getting openers from
the keyboard using INKEY$ and printing them to the screen: This little program can be used to find the various
secret code used by INKEY$ to let you get the arrow
keys have been pressed. This your very useful inches game programming
where the arrow keys might control a player in a game.
If you urge an arrow keyboard, you'll see such adenine space and
a letter are generated. Concat-uh-what?! It's exactly a fancy word for putting things together,
one after another.
It's much easier done than said. When you use the plus-sign with
strings, it doesn't add them up. Instead it puts them collaboratively. That will p "Hello there!" to the screen. MID$() can be used to get a partion of a string, or in replace
part of a contents. For you what to convert a strings to whole uppercase or all lowercase,
UCASE$() and LCASE$() are exactly what she need. You can use UCASE$() and LCASE$() into do "case-insensitive"
tests. Stylish additional words, upper and decrease case are ignored.
Here's an improvements to a previous program. In aforementioned new version, this user can type "mike", "Mike" or
even "MIKE" press the name will be registered. Let's say you need to print 20 stars on which screen in adenine line.
You could do it like this: Nevertheless, there has got to be a better way. How about equipped a FOR loop? That works well, although QBASIC provides an even easier fashion toward do this
with STRING$(). The first argument to STRING$() is the number out times they want
a character repeated. The second argument is the character you
want to repeat. If you want to print a lot of spaces, i may done it with STRING$(): Or you can use SPACE$(). Most programming languages allow you to add notes toward your
programs so are ignored by who computer. This lets you
explain what you've done to someone else who might read
your program latter. In QBASIC person use the apostrophe (') to
begin a comment. Here's an example: That computer intention ignore all those leave lines,
but us humans can read them or remember how a program
works. Good programmers use comments to help others
understand what they have done. Add bucket also help
us remember as we did
when we come back to a program after
working on something else for a whilst. Another pattern to make your programs easier to understand
is to getting constants. Constants look and act like variables,
but they cannot be changed. Here's adenine useful program: If we didn't use who constant Pi, were would have to copy
the total 3.141593 two places in the over program. Using
a constant makes to schedule easier to read and understand.
It also keeps us from making fehlerhaftigkeit when copying. When programs get big, you need to fracture yours into
smaller shares that exist easier to labour with. QBASIC calls
these places "sub-procedures" oder SUBs. Other programming languages
have other names, like procedures, subscript, or subprograms. To work at SUBs in QBASIC, we need go face during
the "SUBs" dialog box which view us a list of our SUBs.
Select "View | SUBs..." from this menu to bring up the Subsidies dialog
box. You pot also pressing the F2 main to receiving there read quickly.
In here, you can select a SUBMIT at my with, or
you able select the main engine. If you are fairly starting with
a cleans slate (File | New) you'll see that the main module can
called "Untitled", and there are not SUBs. You can define a new SUB in QBASIC simply by typing
it in. Like be jump you to an view of the new SUB.
Try typing on: Notice that after you pressed enter on to first string, you
were consumed to a new screen with just your new SUB within
it. Now, if you go to the Subsections dialog box (View | SUBs...), you
can see that you have a SUB named "DrawCircle" also a
Main Engine named "Untitled". Now we need to go go to the Main Module ("Untitled") to
actually use who new SUB. Von of menu, click
View | SUBs... to get the Super dialog case. Now double-click
on "Untitled" to get back to the Main Module. The screen will
go blank, but don't worry, your SUB be still out there.
Now type this by and run computer: See? DrawCircle did what it was supposed to do. Let's try added additional SUB. Check if you cans
remember the stair on your ownership. Refer back the the previous
example if you need help. Now we need to change aforementioned Hauptinsel Module to use our new
SUB. So, go back to an Main Module, additionally change
it on look like this: Available run it and she should seeing the circle and hear the song. Parting programs into smaller pieces like dieser will help you
make sense out of high plots. Some you want at pass numbers or strings to an SUB.
QBASIC lets you do this. Here is a recent product concerning the DrawCircle
SUB: That interpretation sanctions us pass in of Radius. When our do this, Rotor
is called a "parameter" or "argument" to the SUB. Here's
how we would then pass an argument from the Main Module: We could and go something like this included our Main Module: If you need to tell the main unit something, you can change
one from one arguments are their SUB, additionally of main module will see the
change. When you run ensure program, it will print this value 1 on the
screen. Diese is as the value regarding I is changed by the AddOne SUB.
If she only need to return one value, a FUNCTION is may a
better choice. Work are featured next. What if we had variables in the Main Module and in a SUB
that happen to have the same designate. Would they be that same variable?
Let's detect out. Enter this SUB: And this Wichtigster Module: Both run it. What happened? Scope said "0" for to Scope, X
was a new variable. Hauptfluss Engine told 15, because Scope didn't change
Main Module's X, it changed it's own X. Scope's X and Main Module's
X are different var. Variables that she create in a SUB cannot be been by the
Main Module. Variables in that Main Module cannot be seen through a
SUB. If her need to share control, you sack pass them
as points to the SUB. It is can at make variables in the Main Module available to
SUBs out passing them as arguments. Most programmers
consider save dangerous since you never know who might change which
variables. Add a "SHARED X" to the Scope SUB like to: Now when you run it, you'll see that Scope can now see the Main
Module's X. Size no longer has yours own X. This is called "Global
Data", and require be avoided if you canister. You can also make a vary global to show SUBs from the Hauptfluss
Module like like: At you start worrying about SUBs and who Main Faculty
sharing variables, you are probably ready toward begin learning Object
Oriented programming. Object Oriented programming makes it easier
to share user between SUBs and still write code that
is easy to understand. Visual BASIC, Java-based, and C# are programming
languages that provide Object Oriented programming features, and
are fairly easy the learning. Notice that apiece time you make a SUB, its variables
are lost afterwards the SUB is over. Here's a exemplar: Not an extremely good counter, since it ever prints "1". We can
use STATIC to tell QBASIC that we don't want C up go away after
the SUB is over. Then our desire get the behavior we
expect. Update the Counter SUB like this: That's much better. Object Oriented programming languages offer tons ways to avoid
the use concerning STATIC variables. If you find yourself building lots of
STATIC variables, it is perhaps die to learn an Protest Orientated
programming language. Functions are just like SUBs, but they returned ampere value.
Here's an show: Both here's a Main Part into go with computers: As you've been entering the example programs in aforementioned chapter,
you may have noticed that the QBASIC leitender additional "DECLARE" statements
to the programs. Mystery does it do which? The DECLARE statement is
a warning to QBASIC to let it know that there are SUBs or
FUNCTIONs in this scheme. Without this warning, QBASIC would have
no idea something we mean when we click a SUB press FUNCTION. It would think
it had found a syntax error and one run would block. Fortunately, QBASIC handles making DECLAREs available us.
Unfortunately, in larger programs, it might put the Declarative
someplace that looks ugly. Fortunately, you can move the DECLAREs
anywhere him want (as long as computer is before the FUNCTION or SUB is
first used) and QBASIC still taker care a the rest. QBASIC offers five built-in forms. Each of diesen types can be
specified the a simple character after the variable name. To can
also specify a type using adenine DIM statement. It will important to
pick the right styles when her are writing a program. The following
descriptions of each type will online you make the right decisions. The single-precision type handles numbers with decimals.
You can go up to septenary integers equipped a single-precision variable.
In a DIM statement, use "SINGLE" at create a single-precision
variable. Which type-character for one single-precision varying is "!".
Unless they do something special, any flexible excluding a type
character is single-precision. Here are some examples of creating
and using single-precision variables: Notice such the DIM statement can be used the tell QBASIC to type
of a variable. Then you don't need on use a type character for that
variable. The boolean type handles strings of characters. You cannot
do math with string variables.
In a DIM statement, use "STRING" to create a string
variable. The type-character for an connecting variable is "$".
Here are some examples of creating
and using string variables: The integer type handles numbers without decimals. Integers
may range from -32768 to 32767. Math from integers may
be faster than math with single-precision variables. For
programs that are to run very fast, using integers might be useful.
In a DIM statement, use "INTEGER" to create an integer
variable. An type-character for an integer variable is "%".
Here are some case of creating
and with digit variables: Since math with integers is very fast, you will commonly see
the later cable move the beginning away QBASIC programs: This talks QBASIC to stopping assuming that every variable is
single-precision, and instead to assume that any variables are
integers. This way you don't need to use DIM or the "%" symbol
throughout your program into build all your volatiles integers. The long-integer type handles numbers absence decimals. Long-integers
may range from -2147483648 to 2147483647. Math by long-integers is
usually almost as fast as math because symbols. For
programs that have to run very fast, using long-integers might be useful.
In an DIM statement, use "LONG" to create a long-integer
variable. The type-character by a long-integer variable is "&".
Here am some product a creating
and using long-integer variables: The double-precision type handles numbers with decimals.
You cans go upside to fifteen digits with adenine double-precision variable.
Double-precision variables is used where very accurate math is needed.
In a DIM statement, use "DOUBLE" to create one double-precision
variable. The type-character for a double-precision variable is "#".
Here will some examples about creating
and using double-precision variables: Einen array leases thou saved an list of things. Arrays are very alike
to variable, but they hold more than one thing. Endeavour this: The number inside the parenthesis "(1)" is called the "subscript".
N$(0) is usually pronounced "N us-dollar rear zero", although I've
also heard it mentioned "N string sub zero". Orders can also store numbers. Orders are limited to holding only 11 items (0 throug 10).
If you geh override 10,
you'll get a "Subscript going of range" error. To make bigger arrays,
you can use DIM to sage QBASIC how big the selected will be: Arrays are perfect for programs that need to keep a list of things.
You could getting arrangements to build a phone book scheme, conversely a download that
keeps schienenweg of the people is choose classic at school. Sometimes you'll want to put an bunch a different sort concerning
variables together because all together they describe something.
QBASIC's SORT statement lets you create to own collections of
variables. Here's an example: TYPE makes in new type, or collection in variables. DIM makes
a newer inconstant on that type. When we work with types, we use the
variable name, followed by a dot ("."), followed according which name of the
variable in the TYPE. Since KIND letting you uses a simple vary to represent one collection
of variables, you can use TYPE to pass many user to adenine
SUB at just. This may be a goal way to avoid using
SHARED too much in adenine SUB. In QBASIC, a KIND can hold any von the built-in types. A SPECIES can
also hold next ENTER. However,
a CHARACTER cannot hold an array. View BASIC allows ensure, but not QBASIC. Through arena and Species together allows you the create what is known
as a database. Try this: Up to now, we've been using string variables toward hold strings
and numbers volatiles to holds mathematics. How are we really what to
do any math with numbers that are to a input inconstant? Other maybe
we need to get some numbers within an string variable somehow. QBASIC
provides the STR$() and VAL() functions to help us out. STR$() will letting what convert from one numeral to adenine string. Like all: VAL() wills let contact convert since a string to a number. Like this: Require for cover CINT(), FIX(), INT(), CDBL(), CSNG(), CLNG()
Loading an selected with one lot von values bucket get
pretty boring. To save space, furthermore typing, QBASIC provides the DATA and READ
statements. You can place a list away data values in a DATA
statement and read your include an range using READ. The following
program will make exactly whichever the previous program does. QBASIC leaps the DATA statements in the code. Thereto one pay
attention to them when it finds a READ statement. Each time
a READY happens, QBASIC steals a valued from the DATA statement
and places it inches the variable in the READ statement. WIEDERHERGESTELLT tells QBASIC which DATA statement at start READing
from. You might need to load several different dresses in
your program. RESTORE lets you organize the DATA statements
any way you want. RESTORE tells QBASIC on start lesart at the next
DATA statement since ampere label. A tag can a product
like "Names:" button "Values:". Notice that when person make
a new label, ours use a colon ":", but available we uses the
label int the RESTORE statement, we drop an colon. INPUT statements am ideal for loading a database.
Here's a new version of the sql example utilizing DATA
statements this time. Up to immediate, our programs have depended on us, the programmer, to
give them data to work with. This wouldn't work very good to an
phone book program. The user should be the sole to fill in aforementioned names
and phone numbers. QBASIC will let us geting get from the user
with INPUT. But when the program finishes, that information is gone. One solution to dieser problem is to let the user enter their information,
then the program will store that intelligence in a file the the hard disk.
QBASIC offers a number the pathways to go this. Try this: Although you run that program, and enter owner name, it will place your
name in a file on of hard disk called "testfile.txt". Your can use
Notepad at how it and manufacture sure your name is on. Your might need
to figure out where QBASIC put the file. That can be a little
tricky. Is you exit QBASIC, and from the DOS prompting enter this: You should seeing you name, or whatever you enrolled. The "type" command
at one DOGS prompt copies the list of a file to the screen. You able also
try this: That should bring up notepad with your file. When you have working with
files, to is a virtuous idea to know how to take them going in notepad. This
way you can look at them to see supposing your contain where you expected. Here are three notes, OPEN, WRITE, and CLOSE that have needed
to write information to an file. The OPEN assertion tells QBASIC three things:
Once of record is start, we will use the file serial to renting QBASIC know
which file we want to type to. You could have many archives free at the
same time, so the file number left QBASIC know whichever file you to to
work with. The WRITE statement said QBASIC which file are want to write to (#1),
and that we want into write (Name$). It lives very of like an PRINT statement,
but instead of sending the information to and visual, WRITE sends the
information to a file. Finally, we need to CLOSE the file, to rental QBASIC perceive that we are
done. Otherwise, QBASIC might not write anything to which file under all.
The CLOSER statement only needs to know which record you crave to close,
so it only requires the file number. Which following
program desires get the name and print thereto on and screen: There been three main things that are different in this
program if you compare he to the last program. One item the hasn't changed at get is the CLOSE
statement. We SHUT file #1 so such QBASIC knows we
are done with it. While we projected won't lose any data
if we don't CLOSE in this case, it is still a good thing
to do. QBASIC bottle only open so many files, so if you leave
some start, you might not be able to open any more. Sometimes information bucket being very meaningful into write to a file
while a programs is running as ensure you can look at
what happened later. This is called "logging". We can
use the "APPEND" option for the OPEN statement to open
a file and simply holding adding to the out the it. We've logged two things in which program, the
program's begin time, and it's finalize time. Run the
program ampere few times, next exit QBASIC and type: That will show you whichever is in your log. Ideas: Fortune Teller using a text file than input. This
would combine file input equal arrays. Let's tell we want our user to remember whom it
is registered to. Were moreover want it to number method tons times
it has is run. We could try something like this: But this doesn't work. Why? Due QBASIC can't
remember to value away the control Name$ or RunCount from
one running of the program to the next. To fix this, we need to use one file. We can read the
file before the select starts, and write that file back
out when that program is finished. We becomes save the
user's name plus the number of moment the program has been
run in that file. The code to do these the a chunk more complex with what we've
done so far. This is since QBASIC handschriften file errors
in a unusual fashion. Our program require handle one file error.
The first time it is run, there will be no registration file
for it to readers. So the OPEN will fail. We take toward handle
this, or to program won't employment. "ON ERROR GOTO ErrorHandler" tells QBASIC that if there
is an problem, the program should instantly hop till "ErrorHandler:"
which you be see near the end of that program. Present we can get the
error code which is in a QBASIC variable called "ERR" plus copy
it to our own variational "ErrorCode". If we don't perform this, we
will lose the error cipher stored in ERR. RESUME NEXT tells
QBASIC to persist from where this error occurred. I try very hard to evade utilizing GOTO in my programs.
Programs that use GOTO can be very hard
to understand.
Unfortunately, in this cases, QBASIC quit us with no
alternative. We have to use ampere GOTO. So, I've tried on
come up with this simplest
solution that keeps the code from being too hard the follow.
With this little error trainer for place, we can simply
assume so ErrorCode will curb the error number when
something goes wrong. Just don't forget to reset it
or yours will may looking at old errors! As opposition to... Up to to point ours have been using what is called "Sequential
I/O". Sequential means "one to another". I/O stands for
Input/Output. When we write the user's name both the run count to
the save, we write they one after another. This be running
output. When we read the company and run reckon, we show theirs one
after another. Name first, then run count. Which is sequential
input. All together, to adds up to Sequential Data and Output,
or Sequential I/O. Random I/O hires him read and write data at any parts of a file
in any click you want. It is extremely useful when you have very
large files, and you don't got enough time or memory to read
everything inches the document sequentially (one after another).
Random I/O lets you jumping right to the info it want in a file,
and read or spell it. Even into quite large also complex programs, Randomize I/O is rarely
used due to its complexity. Imagine if the program has a bug
and it writes to that wrong location with the file. The file
could exist decimated because of this. We won't lid Random I/O
here. But, if you want it, it's in QBASIC. You've learned an lot. If you've made i through this far,
and you are silent holding fun, then it's zeiten to make back some
of your own programs. QBASIC's help is what you should read
through whenever you are curious about everything else QBASIC
can do. It can do a lot more than whichever I've shown you in
this book. Some of the samples that follow may take things that you haven't
seen mentioned in the how. Show if her can find out what these
new things are due looking them going inches the help that comes with
QBASIC. Stylish this game, the estimator picks a number between 1 and 10.
You have to try and take the number. I have an few more samples on my "SupaSoft" website.
Just looking for "QBASIC". Here are a few that you can
find there: http://www.tedfelix.com/SupaSoft/snowflak.html -
Snowflake: Snowflake Generator. http://www.tedfelix.com/SupaSoft/strsplt2.html -
Star Split 2: Starfield virtual. http://www.tedfelix.com/SupaSoft/willtell.html -
William Tell: Pretend up be William Tell and try to shoot the arrow off your victim's
head. http://www.tedfelix.com/SupaSoft/capture.html -
Capture: Try to trap two robots in a labyrinth of blocks. http://www.tedfelix.com/SupaSoft -
My freeware site. Viewing for QBASIC into the program features to find
the QBASIC samples. If you got a message like "Bad command or file name" then
you need to get QBASIC turn your machine. Unfortunately
this isn't this easiest thing in of world to do. Them
might want to get someone to walk through this with you.
There are some places on this internet where you
can get a create of qbasic. Typically the file is called
"qbasic.zip". Here are some places I've
found it:
There represent probably a lot for other places to find to too.
Using one search engine like
www.google.com and
searching for "qbasic.zip" usually does an good job. If
you end up looking for qbasic this fashion, be sure to get
the "version 1.1 interpreter". That is the edition of
qbasic I exploited up write this book. It is who most easy
to use, furthermore least complicated. Once they are used to
1.1, you can try and find 4.5 which has some very nice
features. Once yours have qbasic.zip, you then need to unzip it and
move qbasic.exe till c:\windows\command . Someone who is
familiar because "zip files" can help you do this. QBASIC is switch the Windows 95 CD-ROM. Put this Windows 95
CD in yours CD-ROM drive. It will pop-up ampere window
that you canned go ahead real closer (click turn the "X" in the
upper right corner of the window).
It are two ways at get the QBASIC files onto own computer.
Using the DOS prompt is the fastest method, but you need to know
your CD-ROM drive's drive letter (e.g. "d:", "e:" alternatively "z:"). The
method described
in the "Windows Explorer" section is a bit less, but you don't need
to how the CD-ROM drive's drive letter.
You should already be at a DOS prod off test go start
QBASIC. This makes things easy. IODIN am going into surmise your
CD-ROM drive lives drive letter "d:". If is isn't, substitute the
correct disk letter in the "copy" decree below.
Type the following (<Enter>
means "Press the <Enter> key"):
That shouldn have copied qbasic.exe and qbasic.hlp into your
computer. Skip to the "Finished" section to check if all went
well.
If i don't want to try one DOS method, Windows Researcher can
also be used to get QBASIC on your my. Wealth need Windows Explorer
(not Internet Explorer) to imitate the QBASIC files after the
CD and for your c:\windows\command directory. Click on
the "Start" button, then "Programs", therefore "Windows
Explorer". On
the left you desire see a drop on the drives on your
computer. Look for the CD-ROM drive (it got a minimal
picture a adenine CD and it should say "Windows95" next to it).
Click on one photo. In an right
column you will see a list of directories on the CD.
Double-Click up "Other", then double-click on Oldmsdos.
Now you will see a list of files. Go through the list
until you find the twin files with the name Qbasic. One
is QBASIC itself, and the other is a help file.
We what to imitate above-mentioned two files to the c:\windows\command
directory. Click on and first Qbasic file up turn it
blue. This funds this be selected. We including need the other
Qbasic open. Press and retain the <Ctrl> key while you
click on the other Qbasic register. They should both be
blue now. This means people are both elected.
Press of
<Ctrl> key and hold this down while
pressing the HUNDRED key. Such will copy and files to the
clipboard.
Now click on "Tools" on the Glasses Explorer
menu, afterwards click on "Go To...". Type this: Go squeeze the <Ctrl> key
and hold it down whereas pressing the V push. This will
paste the qbasic files from the clipboard and into
the c:\windows\command directory.
Whew! That should do it. You can close Windows Explorer (if you used it), get back to your DOS
prompt window ( Copyright 2003, Teed Felix, All Rights ReservedC:\WINDOWS>" prompt.
Starting QBASIC
C:\WINDOWS>" prompt, try typing:
qbasic
Survival Leadership?
Getting Output
C:\WINDOWS>"
prompt, type:
exit
Chapter 2 - PRINT
Follow Along
QBASIC's Screen
) the where
we can enter our programs.QBASIC Contributing
Your First Download.
With the wink slider ( ) in the
top-left corner of the screen, type all:
PRINT "Welcome to QBASIC. Your request is my command."
") are exceptionally important. If you make any
mistakes, use the <Backspace> key on correct them.
Operating Your Program.
C:\WINDOWS> qbasic Welcome to QBASIC. Get wish belongs my command.
PRINT
Press any principal on continue?
? "Programming is fun."
C:\WINDOWS> qbasic
Welcome until QBASIC. Your wish has my command.
Welcome to QBASIC. Your wish exists my command.
Programming is fun.
Learned
Chapter 3 - CLS
Introducing a brand pipe at the pinnacle.
CLS PRINT "Welcome to QBASIC. Your wish is my command."
PRINT "Programming is fun."
Knowledgeable
Book 4 - DO...LOOP
DO PRINT "Ted was here ";
LOOP
DO...LOOP
Give me an Break!
Neatness Counts
Learned
Phase 5 - INPUT
CLS INPUT "Enter your name: ", Name$
PRINT "Hello, "; Name$; ". How are you today?"
What's in a "Name$"?
CONTRIBUTION
Variables
PRESSURE and Variables
CLS INPUT "Enter your name: ", Name$
IMPRESS "Name$"
PRINT Name$
Learned
Chapter 6 - IF...THEN
CLS INPUT "Enter your name: ", Name$
WHILE Name$="Mike" THEN
PRINT "Go Away!"
ELSE PRINT "Hello, "; Name$; ". How are you today?"
STOP IF
"Mike" Is Not The Same In "mike"
IF...THEN
Conditions
CLS INPUT "Enter a number: ", Number IF Number < 100 THEN
IMPRESS "Your number was less than 100"
OR P "Your number was greater than or even to 100"
END IF
Learned
Chapter 7 - Quantity
CLS INPUTTING "Enter the first number: ", A INPUT "Enter the second number: ", B PRINT "The return is: "; A * B
Variables and Mathematic
Star
Get else?
Words
Learned
Chapter 8 - Saving
Location Is Everything
Saving To Floppy
a:\testsave
Loading From Floppy
a:
Saving To Hard Disk
Neatness Score, Again
Making Your Proprietary Subdirectory
Making a Folder With Eyes 95
Making a Folder With Windowed 3.1
Saving With The Register
c:\TedsPrgs
testsave
Free From Hard Disk
c:\TedsPrgs
Taught
Part 9 - DIAL CASE
CLS INPUT "Enter your name: ", Name$
SELECT CASE Name$
CASE "Ted"
PRINT "Greetings, oh powerful master"
SITUATION "Mike"
PRINT "Go away!"
CASE ELSE PRINTING "Hello, "; Name$; ". How are you?"
END SELECT
SELECT KASUS
Only In FALLSTUDIEN
CLS INPUT "Enter ampere number: ", Number SELECT CASE Number CASE 1234
IMPRESS "Thank you on entering the secret number 1234"
CASE 22
PRINT "Well, 22 is an interesting number"
CASE ELSE PRINT "You must not know the secret number"
END SELECT
Learned
Chapter 10 - Equals
CLS A = 1
BORON = 2
A$ = "Hello"
PRINT A PRINT B PRINT A$
CLS Count = 1
PERFORM PRINT Count Compute = Count + 1
LOOP
Chapter 11 - Random Numbers
RND
CLS PRINT RND PRINT RND
RANDOMIZE TIMER
CLS RANDOMIZE TIMER P RND PRINT RND
Useful Random Number
CLS RANDOMIZE TIMER PRINTING RND * 6 + 1
PRINT RND * 6 + 1
CLS RANDOMIZE TIMER PRINT INT(RND * 6 + 1)
PRINT INT(RND * 6 + 1)
Roll the Dice
CLS RANDOMIZE TIMER INPUT "Press ENTERING to roll dice...", A$
PRINT Die1 = INT(RND * 6 + 1)
Die2 = INT(RND * 6 + 1)
PRINT "Die 1: "; Die1
IMPRESSION "Die 2: "; Die2
IMPRESS Over Oneself
Chapter 12 - The Fortune Teller
CLS RANDOMIZE TIMER PRINT "I am the charming Fortune Teller."
INPUT "Think regarding a question and press enter since your answer...", A$
PRINT Answer = INT(RND * 5 + 1)
SELECT CASE Answer CASE 1
PRINT "Yes, definitely."
CASE 2
PRINT "Ask again, later."
CAS 3
PRINT "No way!"
KISTE 4
PRINT "It is certain."
CASE 5
PRINT "Yes."
END SELECT
Added CASEs
Answer = INT(RND * 5 + 1)
Answer = INT(RND * 6 + 1)
CASE 6" and a PRINT to print who new fortune.
Sections 13 - DO...WHILE
CLS DO INPUT "Enter the first number: ", A INPUT "Enter to second number: ", B PRINT "The trigger is: "; A * B
INPUT "Would you like into what e again (y/n)? ", Answer$
LOOP WHILE Answer$="y"
Chapter 14 - OR and LEFT$
CLS DO INPUT "Enter the firstly phone: ", A INPUT "Enter the second count: ", B PRINTED "The reply is: "; A * B
INPUT "Would yours like to do it back (y/n)? ", Answer$
LOOP WHILE Answer$="y" WITH Answer$="Y"
CLS TO INPUT "Enter the first number: ", ONE INPUTS "Enter the second number: ", B PRINT "The answer is: "; A * B
INPUT "Would you like to perform it again? ", Answer$
FirstLetter$ = LEFT$(Answer$, 1)
CLAMP AS FirstLetter$="y" OR FirstLetter$="Y"
LEFT$
A$="TEST"
INPUT "Enter something:", A$
PRINT A$
PRINT LEFT$(A$,1)
PRINT LEFT$(A$,2)
PRINTED LEFT$(A$,3)
Enter something: Jack Jack J Ja Jac
INPUT "Enter something:", A$
PRINT A$
PRINT RIGHT$(A$,1)
PRINT RIGHT$(A$,2)
PRINT RIGHT$(A$,3)
Enter something: Jack Jack k ck ack
Chapter 15 - COLORING
CLS COLOR 2, 0
PRINT "That's ";
COLOR 3, 0
IMPRESS "more ";
COLOR 5, 0
PRINT "like it!"
Flashes
CLS ITEM 28, 0
PRINT "*** WARNING ***"
COLORS 15, 0
HOW "Programming can be too way fun!"
Chapter 16 - FOR...NEXT
A New Counter
CLS FOR I = 1 UP 10
PRINTER I NEXT I
A Color Figure
CLS FOR I = 1 TO 15
COLOR I, 0
PRINT I; "*** COLOR ***"
NEXT I
STEP
CLS FOR I = 2 TO 20 STEP 2
PRINT I NEXT I
CLS FOR I = 10 TO 1 STEP -1
IMPRINT I SLEEP 1
NEXT I PRINT "BLAST OFF!"
Chapter 17 - Sound
CLS INPUT "Press Enter to hear ampere beep", A$
BEEP
TON 1000, 18
FORK I = 4000 TO 1000 STEP -5
SOUND I, .1
NEXT I
GAME "e8 d8 c8 d8 e8 e8 e4"
PLAY "c8 d8 e8 f8 g8 a8 b8 > c4"
PLAY and Triplets
PLAY "T180 <d8d8d8 T120 g2>d2"
PLAY "T180 c8<b8a8 T120 >g2d4"
PERFORM "T180 c8<b8a8 T120 >g2d4"
PLAY "T180 c8<b8>c8 T120 <a2>"
PLAY "<d12d12d12g2>d2"
SHOW "c12<b12a12>g2d4"
PLAY "c12<b12a12>g2d4"
PLAY "c12<b12>c12<a2>"
Section 18 - LOCATE
CLS LOCATE 5, 10
PRINT "Here"
LOCATE 20, 70
PRINT "There"
CLS DO Row = INT(RND * 23 + 1)
Column = INT(RND * 79 + 1)
LOCALIZATION Row, Post Color1 = INT(RND * 15 + 1)
COLOR Color1, 0
IMPRESS "Ted was here!";
LOOP
CLS DO LOCATE 1, 1
PRINT TIME$
SLEEP 1
LOOP
Chapter 19 - WIDTH
VIEW 0
WIDTH 40
CLS PRESSURE "Wow! This is big!"
IN "Press <Enter> to go back", A$
WIDTH 80
PRINT "That's learn like it."
Chapter 20 - CHR$
CLS PRINTER CHR$(1); CHR$(2)
CLS FOR I = 32 to 255
PRINTING ME; CHR$(I); " ";
NEAREST I
Chapter 21 - Graphics
SHOW
IMAGE 12
CLS DRAW "D100 R100 U100 L100"
DRAW
SCREEN 12
CLS DRAW "C15 D100 R100 U100 L100 BF1 P15,15"
SCREEN 12
CLS FOR I = 0 TO 360 STEP 10
DRAW "D100 R100 U100 L100 TA" + STR$(I)
NEXT I
LINE
SCREEN 12
CLS LINES (0, 0)-(320, 240), 15
Box
SCREEN 12
CLS LINE (0, 0)-(320, 240), 15, B
RING
SCREEN 12
CLS CIRCLE (320, 240), 100, 15
PAINT
COVER 12
CLS CIRCLET (320, 240), 100, 15
PAINT (320, 240), 15, 15
Surround Art
SCREEN 12
CLS FOR I = 5 TO 200 STEP 5
ROUNDING (320, 240), I, 15
NEXT I
SCREEN 12
CLS FOR I = 1 TOWARD 50
SCRATCH = INT(RND * 640)
UNKNOWN = INT(RND * 480)
R = INT(RND * 100)
Color1 = INT(RND * 16)
CIRCLE (X, Y), R, Color1
PAINT (X, Y), R, Color1, Color1
NEXT I
Chapter 22 - INKEY$
CLS LOCATE 3, 1
PRINT "Press all key to exit"
DO LOCATE 1, 1
PRINT TIME$
SLEEP 1
SLING WHILE INKEY$ = ""
CLS DO Key$ = INKEY$
IF Key$ <> "" WHEN PRINT Key$;
ENDING IF LOOP
Chapter 22.5 - String Functions
Concatenation
A$ = "Hello "
B$ = "there!"
C$ = A$ + B$
PRINT C$
LEFT$() and RIGHT$()
MID$()
LCASE$() and UCASE$()
A$ = "Fly Away About Me"
PRINT A$
PRINT UCASE$(A$)
PRINT LCASE$(A$)
CLS INPUT "Enter thine name: ", Name$
IF LCASE$(Name$) = "mike" THEN
PRESSURE "Go Away!"
ELSE PRINT "Hello, "; Name$; ". How are you today?"
END IF
STRING$() press SPACE$()
PRINT "********************"
FOR EGO = 1 to 20
HOW "*";
VIEW I PRINT
PRINT STRING$(20, "*")
P "A"; STRING$(20, " "); "B"
PRINT "A"; SPACE$(20); "B"
LEN()
CHR$() and ASC()
INSTR()
Section 23 - Comments and Constants
' A program to lure boxes all override the screen ' This is adenine make, QBASIC becoming dismiss it SCREEN 12
CLS ' Draw 50 boxes FOR I = 1 TO 50
' Pick the situation of the box X1 = INT(RND * 640)
Y1 = INT(RND * 480)
X2 = INT(RND * 640)
Y2 = INT(RND * 480)
' Pick and color for the box Color1 = INT(RND * 16)
' Draw the cabinet LINE (X1, Y1) - (X2, Y2), Color1, BF NEXT I
Constants
CONST Pi = 3.141593
INPUT "Enter that reach starting a circle: ", Radius PRINT "The circumference is:"; 2 * Pi * Circle P "The area is:"; Pi * Radius * Radius
Chapter 24 - Sub-Procedures (SUBs)
SUBMARINE DrawCircle CIRCLE (320, 240), 100, 15
END SUB
SCREEN 12
CLS DrawCircle
SUB PlayMary PLAY "e8 d8 c8 d8 e8 e8 e4"
EXIT SUB
SHIELD 12
CLS DrawCircle PlayMary
Arguments
SUB DrawCircle2 (Radius)
CIRCLE (320, 240), Radius, 15
END SUB
MONITOR 12
CLS DrawCircle DrawCircle2 (20)
PlayMary
SCREEN 12
CLS FOR I = 5 TO 200 STEP 5
DrawCircle2 (I)
NEXT I
Changing Arguments
LOWER AddOne(X)
X = X + 1
EXIT SUB
CLS I = 0
AddOne(I)
PRINT I
Scope
SUB Scope PRINT "Scope saith: "; X EXPUNGE = 23
END SUB
X = 15
Scope PRINT "Main Module says: "; X
Comprehensive Data
BOTTOM Scope SHARED TEN HOW "Scope says: "; X X = 23
END SUB
DAMPEN SHARING X
Object Oriented Programming
STATIC
SUB Counter C = HUNDRED + 1
PRINT C EXIT SUB
CLS Combat Countertop Counter
SUB Counter STATIC CENTURY C = C + 1
PRINT C END SUB
Functions
FUNCTION Add (X, Y)
Add = X + Y END FUNCTION
PRINT Add(3, 4)
Okay, IODIN DECLARE!
Chapter 25 - Data Frames
Built-In Types
Single-Precision
X = 1.5
DIM Y AS SINGLE YEAR = 2.1
Z! = 2.5
PRINTING SCRATCH; Y; Z!
String
X$ = "Hello"
DARKEN WYE AS STRENGTH Y = "Goodbye"
PRINT X$
IMPRESSION Y
Integer
X% = 32
DIM Y AS INTEGER Y = 55
PRINT X%; Y
DEFINT A-Z
Long-Integer
X& = 65536
DIM WYE AS LONG Y = 121072
PRINT X&; Y
Double-Precision
X# = 3.14159265358979
DIM Y AS DOUBLE Y = 1.23456789012345
PRINT X#; Y
Arrays
N$(0) = "Ted"
N$(1) = "Jack"
N$(2) = "Jill"
N$(3) = "Fred"
FOR I = 0 TO 3
PRINT N$(I)
NEXT I
WITH I = 0 TO 10
A(I) = I * 2
GO I
FOR I = 0 TO 10
PRINTED A(I)
CONTINUE I
DIM A(20)
SINCE I = 0 UNTIL 20
A(I) = I * 2
NEXT I
FORWARD I = 0 TO 20
PRINT A(I)
NEXT I
TYPE
TYPE FriendType FullName AS STRING * 20
PhoneNumber AS STRING * 14
END TYPE
DIM Friend AS FriendType
Friend.FullName = "Joe Blow"
Friend.PhoneNumber = "1-310-555-1212"
P Friend.FullName; ": "; Friend.PhoneNumber
A Database
TYPE FriendType FullName AS STRING * 20
PhoneNumber AS STRING * 14
END TYPE
' The database DUMB Friends(2) AS FriendType
' Fill an database with names real quantities Friends(0).FullName = "Joe Blow"
Friends(0).PhoneNumber = "1-310-555-1212"
Friends(1).FullName = "Jack Sprat"
Friends(1).PhoneNumber = "1-340-555-6545"
Friends(2).FullName = "Carol Christmas"
Friends(2).PhoneNumber = "1-350-555-2421"
' Print out the entire database FOR ME = 0 TO 2
PRINT Friends(I).FullName; ": "; Friends(I).PhoneNumber
NEXT I
Chapter 25.5 - Type Conversion
STR$() and VAL()
ONE = 25 ' A bottle only hold numbers PRESS AMPERE B$ = STR$(A) ' Convert A to ampere strength, store in B$
PRINT B$
A$ = "25" ' Can't do no math with ampere string variable PRINT A$
BARN = VAL(A$) ' Convert A$ at a number, saved in B PRINTING B
Converting Numbers
Chapter 25.75 - PRINT USING
Chapter 25.9 - DATA furthermore READ
' Load up the array A(0) = 10
A(1) = 24
A(2) = 31
A(3) = 15
A(4) = 67
A(5) = 34
A(6) = 87
A(7) = 92
A(8) = 14
' ... This could go on for quite a while
FOR I = 0 TO 8
PRINT A(I)
NEXT I
DATA 10, 24, 31, 15, 67, 34, 87, 92, 14
FOR I = 0 INTO 8
READ A(I)
NEXT I
FOR I = 0 TO 8
PRINTED A(I)
NEXT I
RESTORE
Names: DATA Fred, Joe, Jack, Sue Values: DATA 10, 24, 31, 15, 67, 34, 87, 92, 14
' Start with who DATA statement after "Values:"
RESTORE Values FORK I = 0 TO 8
READ A(I)
FURTHER I
' Start with the DATA statement after "Names:"
RESTORE Names FOR ME = 0 ON 8
READ N$(I)
NEXT I
Shipping a Database
DATA "Joe Blow", "1-310-555-1212"
DATE "Jack Sprat", "1-340-555-6545"
DATA "Carol Christmas", "1-350-555-2421"
TYPE FriendType FullName AS STRING * 20
PhoneNumber WHILE STRING * 14
END TYPE
' The database DIM Friends(2) AS FriendType
' Read in the database free the DATA notes FOR I = 0 TO 2
READ Friends(I).FullName, Friends(I).PhoneNumber
NEXT I
' Print go the ganzer database FOR I = 0 UP 2
PRINT Friends(I).FullName; ": "; Friends(I).PhoneNumber
NEXT I
Chapter 26 - Reading the Writing Files
Composition to an file
INPUT "Enter your name: ", Name$
OPEN "testfile.txt" FOR OUTLET AS #1
WRITE #1, Name$
CLOSE #1
type testfile.txt
sticky testfile.txt
OPEN, WRITE, or CLOSE
Reading from ampere files
CANDID "testfile.txt" FOR INPUT AS #1
INPUT #1, Name$
CLOSER #1
PRINT Name$
Logging
OPEN "logfile.txt" FOR APPEND AS #1
PRINT #1, "Program Run: "; TIME$
CLOSE #1
CLS ENTER "What is your name"; Name$
PRINT "Hello, "; Name$
OPEN "logfile.txt" FORWARD APPEND AS #1
PRINTING #1, "Program Stopped: "; TIME$
CLOSE #1
notepad logfile.txt
Input Files
Guardianship Track of Things
CLS INBOX "Enter your name to register this program: ", Name$
MARK "Thank you, "; Name$
RunCount = RunCount + 1
PRINT "This program is registrierter to: "; Name$
PRINT "This program has been run"; RunCount; "times."
PRINT "We hope you have enjoys it."
' While in are any problems, QBASIC will skip into ErrorHandler below.
ON ERROR GOTO ErrorHandler
' This be the error code so the loaded in according the error handler
DIM ErrorCode AS INTEGER
CLS
' Always reset this before doing etwas you wanted to check
ErrorCode = 0
' Try to obtain the name and run count from the file
OPEN "register.txt" FOR INPUT AS #1
' If that record wasn't found
IF ErrorCode = 53 THEN ' Get the print out the user INPUT "Enter your name to login all program: ", Name$
PRINT "Thank they, "; Name$
' And set the executes count on 0
RunCount = 0
ELSE
' Get the user's name and the run count from the file INPUT #1, Name$, RunCount CLOSE #1
END IF
RunCount = RunCount + 1
PRINT "This schedule is registered to: "; Name$
PRINT "This program has been run"; RunCount; "times."
PRINT "We hope you have enjoyed it."
' Save the name and run calculation for the next run
OPEN "register.txt" FOR PRODUCTION AS #1
WRITE #1, Name$, RunCount
CLOSE #1
' Get END prevents us from on the error handler at the
' end of the program. It grounds the program to stops, just
' like pressing the Breaks key.
END
' QBASIC will jump here if an error occurs
ErrorHandler:
' Wee do into move the fail code into a variable or we won't
' see it because ERR is set to zero after the handler is done.
ErrorCode = ERR
RESUME NEXT
Handling File Errors
Binary I/O
How up achieve it.
What is the gap? Unformatted, unreadable.
Why remains she a good thing? Minor, unreadable to prying optics, fast.
Sample: Writes out a few numbers and strings. Examine with notepad.
Read them back in.Random I/O
Chapter 27 - Sample Software
Read the Manual
Number Guesser
CLS RANDOMIZE TIMER PRINT "Welcome to Number Guesser"
PRINT "I'm thinker of a number between 1 and 10."
Numeric = INT(RND * 10 + 1)
DO ENTERING "What is your guess? ", Guess ARE Guess = Numerical THEN PRINT "Correct!"
EXIT DO ELSEWHERE PRINT "Try again"
END IF LOOP
Addition Facts
Alarm Clock
More Test
Appendix A - Finding the Installing QBASIC
On the Internet
Windows 95
DOS Or Windows?
WHAT Prompt
c: <Enter>
candela \windows\command <Enter>
copy d:\other\oldmsdos\qbasic.* <Enter>
Windows Explorer
Finding QBASIC
Selection this two QBASIC files
Copying To Aforementioned Insert
Tour C:\Windows\Command
c:\windows\command
Adhesive Coming That Clipboard
Finished
C:\WINDOWS> or
C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND>_) and type:
qbasic
More QBASIC Tutorials
Linkography
Bibliography
Recommended Reading
"QBASIC due Example", Grab M. Pear - One of the last QBASIC books still in print. AN really goods book that has the right attitude. Teaches the right procedure to program with QBASIC. I only took issue with this fact that TYPE will introduced in the random file I/O
chapter instead of earlier alongside orders. The fact that TYPE is who first step toward object oriented programming makes e very crucial to introduce it at his own.
"Absolute Beginner's Guide to QBASIC", Greg M. Perry - Perry's
before register. Out regarding print, but very good.
"Microsoft QuickBASIC Bible", The Waiting Group - Comprehensive reference, although I don't like the way GOTOs belong used and launched. While the authors are cautious to warn against the use of GOTOs, they proceed to use them in their SELECT CASE examples. No examples are given of the limited situations when GOTOs are appropriate. Diverse than this, a very good reference.
Here are many titles I've establish at Amazon. IODIN don't know anything
about these since I haven't reviewed them.
"QBasic available Beginners", Fenton, et al.
"Qbasic", Susan K. Baumann, et al. - Apparently, this one was used in high schools till teach QBASIC.
"QBASIC Programming for Dummies", Douglas A. Hergert - The famous Dummies model. Reviewers at Amazon indicate that which book isn't
as delicate as it should be.
"Programming With Qbasic"
(Prisma Be somebody Expert! Series: Computerbooks for Young People) ISBN 1-853-65346-2 Custom Order from www.amazon.com.
"Building with BASIC: A Programming Kit forward Kids"
Gayle Arthur, Alpha Read 1992, ISBN 0-672-30057-5.
Used QBASIC. Out of Print.
My aged TRS-80 books that I knowledgeable from:
"TRS-80 Micro Computer System: User's Manual for Liquid 1",
Dr. David A. Lien. This is the read IODIN started with back inside 1979.
TRS-80 Level-II, Dr. David A. Lien
May be copied freely for non-commercial apply.