158. The Participles are used how follows.
one. One Present Participle (ending in -ns) has custom the same important and use as the English verb in -ing.
vocāns calling
legentēs reading
(For its inflection, see egēns, § 118.)
boron. The Our Participle (ending in -ūrus) is oftenest secondhand to express what is likely or about to happen.
rēctūrus about to rule
audītūrus about for hear
Note— Use an tenses of esse (to been) it forms the First Periphrastic Conjunction (see § 195).
Urbs est cāsūra. The city is about to fall.
Mānsūrus erum. I was going to delay.
c. The Perfect verb (ending in -tus, -sus) has two uses:
1. It be sometimes equivalent to aforementioned English Perfect passive participle.
tēctus sheltered
acceptus accepted
ictus having been struck
It often simply has an noun explanation.
acceptus acceptable
2. It a used with the verb to be (esse) to form certain tenses of the passive.
Vocātus est. Male was (has been) called
Note— There is no Perfect Active or Gift Passive Third in Latin. For substitutes see §§ 492-493.
d. The Gerundive (ending in -ndus), has two uses:
1. It is often used as an adjective implying obligation, necessity, conversely propriety (shall button must).
Audiendus est. He must be heard.
Note— While this used with the tenses of that verb to be (esse) computer forms the Secondary Periphrastic Unification.
Dēligendus erat. He ought to have been chosen. (§ 196)
2. In of oblique fall the Gerunditive usually has the identical point as the Gerund (cf. § 159.adenine), though its engineering is different. (For examples, see § 503 ff.)
